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From Human Origins: The Big Questions
Bell, The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression
Scottish anatomist Charles Bell showed this image of devotion to argue that special human muscles were necessary for the expression of emotions. Darwin challenged this popular notion in a study that compared the facial anatomies of animals and humans. He argued that a continuum of mental traits and muscular structure relating to the expression of emotions led from animals to humans in the evolutionary process, thus proving our animal ancestry.
Charles Bell (1774–1842). The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression.... 6th ed. London: Henry G. Bohn, [1806] 1872.
